homehome Home chatchat Notifications


Machu Picchu is even older than we thought

The stone palace may have been in use from 1420 to 1530.

Tibi Puiu
August 5, 2021 @ 7:57 pm

share Share

Early morning in wonderful Machu Picchu

High in the Andes Mountains of Peru, the mighty Inca built a dazzling empire that governed over 12 million people and marked 300 years of civilization — that’s until Spanish conquistadors annihilated the Inca in 1533. But despite the Inca lacking a writing system, their legacy lives on through some of their artifacts and ancient settlements, and there is no Inca site more iconic than the mountain-perched Machu Picchu.

Contrary to popular belief, Machu Picchu wasn’t actually a city. Although the monumental complex was fairly extensive, it was erected as a country estate of Inca Emperor Pachacuti on the eastern face of the Andes Mountains. In other words, this was a retreat for the elites away from the crowded capital Cusco rather than a settlement for all.

Before Francisco Pizarro’s Spanish conquistadors landed on Peru’s shores, archaeologists believe Machu Picchu was inhabited from 1440 A.D. to around the time of the Spanish conquest.

However, new findings published this week in the journal Antiquity reveal that the Machu Picchu may be about two decades older, suggesting Pachacuti placed the first stone at the Andes site around the year 1420 A.D.

Carbon doesn’t lie

Researchers led by Yale archaeologist Richard Burger arrived at the new estimate after using an advanced form of radiocarbon dating called accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). This technology can date organic material found in bones and teeth, even when it is in tiny amounts.

“Until now, estimates of Machu Picchu’s antiquity and the length of its occupation were based on contradictory historical accounts written by Spaniards in the period following the Spanish conquest,” said Burger in a statement. “This is the first study based on scientific evidence to provide an estimate for the founding of Machu Picchu and the length of its occupation, giving us a clearer picture of the site’s origins and history.”

The primary implication is that Pachacuti must have started his reign much earlier than textual sources from the time of the conquistadores indicate. According to Burger, modern radiocarbon methods are actually a more reliable foundation than colonial historical records for understanding Inca chronology.

For their study, the researchers employed AMS on samples belonging to 26 human individuals that were recovered from four cemeteries at Machu Picchu. These individuals were likely retainers, or attendants, judging from funerary goods buried with the deceased, who looked after the royal estate. The bone samples show little evidence of the kind of intense wear and tear one would expect to see in a construction worker tasked with hard labor. This further strengthens the idea that Machu Picchu was already up and running as a country palace by the time these people arrived there.

Remarkably, these human remains were unearthed by Yale-affiliated explorer and archaeologist Hiram Bingham III, who brought them back to the United States in 1912. A year prior, Bingham was one of the first Euro-Americans to walk among the ruins of Machu Picchu after he was tipped off by a local muleteer. More than a hundred years later, these samples serve to paint a richer and more accurate history of the ancient Inca palace, complementing Spanish sources.

Now, these remains have been finally returned to their homeland. As of 2010, all human remains and archaeological materials from Bingham’s expedition have been returned to Cusco, the former capital of the Inca, where they are stored at the Museo Machu Picchu.

share Share

A London Dentist Just Cracked a Geometric Code in Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man

A hidden triangle in the vitruvian man could finally explain one of da Vinci's greatest works.

The Story Behind This Female Pharaoh's Broken Statues Is Way Weirder Than We Thought

New study reveals the ancient Egyptian's odd way of retiring a pharaoh.

China Resurrected an Abandoned Soviet 'Sea Monster' That's Part Airplane, Part Hovercraft

The Soviet Union's wildest aircraft just got a second life in China.

A Rocket Carried Cannabis Seeds and 166 Human Remains into Space But Their Capsule Never Made It Back

The spacecraft crashed into the Pacific Ocean after a parachute failure, ending a bold experiment in space biology and memorial spaceflight.

Ancient ‘Zombie’ Fungus Trapped in Amber Shows Mind Control Began in the Age of the Dinosaurs

The zombie fungus from the age of the dinosaurs.

Your browser lets websites track you even without cookies

Most users don't even know this type of surveillance exists.

What's Seasonal Body Image Dissatisfaction and How Not to Fall into Its Trap

This season doesn’t have to be about comparison or self-criticism.

Why a 20-Minute Nap Could Be Key to Unlocking 'Eureka!' Moments Like Salvador Dalí

A 20-minute nap can boost your chances of a creative breakthrough, according to new research.

The world's oldest boomerang is even older than we thought, but it's not Australian

The story of the boomerang goes back in time even more.

Swarms of tiny robots could go up your nose, melt the mucus and clean your sinuses

The "search-and-destroy” microrobot system can chemically shred the resident bacterial biofilm.